Studying in the USA are governed by strict visa regulations. Most international students hold an F-1 or M-1 visa, each with specific guidelines regarding employment. This article explains the work options available for international students in the USA, along with the associated rules and restrictions.
1. On-Campus Employment
On-campus employment is the most accessible work option for F-1 visa holders. Students can work directly for their school or a campus-related entity, such as a library, cafeteria, or research facility. Here are the key details:
- Work Hours: Students can work up to 20 hours per week during the academic semester and full-time (up to 40 hours per week) during school breaks or vacations.
- Authorization: On-campus jobs do not require special work authorization from the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), but students must inform their Designated School Official (DSO).
- Examples of Jobs: Typical on-campus jobs include research assistantships, administrative support roles, and positions in campus dining services.
2. Off-ampus Employment
F-1 visa holders can work off-campus, but only under specific circumstances and with prior authorization. The two primary categories of off-campus employment are:
a) Curricular Practical Training (CPT)
- Purpose: CPT allows students to work in internships or training programs directly related to their field of study. It is often integrated into the curriculum.
- Work Hours: CPT can be full-time or part-time, but students who work full-time CPT for more than 12 months become ineligible for Optional Practical Training (OPT).
- Authorization: Students must obtain approval from their DSO and have an updated Form I-20 before starting CPT.
b) Optional Practical Training (OPT)
- Purpose: OPT enables students to gain work experience related to their academic program after graduation (post-completion OPT) or while still studying (pre-completion OPT).
- Duration: Students can work for up to 12 months under OPT. STEM students are eligible for a 24-month extension, bringing the total to 36 months.
- Authorization: OPT requires USCIS approval and the issuance of an Employment Authorization Document (EAD).
c) Severe Economic Hardship
If a student faces unexpected financial difficulties due to circumstances beyond their control (e.g., currency devaluation or loss of sponsorship), they may apply to USCIS for off-campus employment. This option is only available after completing at least one academic year.
3. M-1 Visa Restrictions
Students on an M-1 visa, which is for vocational or technical programs, have more limited work options. M-1 students are only allowed to engage in practical training related to their studies after completing their program. They must apply for authorization through USCIS.
4. Working Under a Social Security Number (SSN)
To work legally in the USA, international students must obtain a Social Security Number (SSN). Students can apply for an SSN after receiving a job offer and providing proof of employment authorization.
5. Volunteer and Unpaid Work
International students are allowed to participate in volunteer or unpaid positions, provided these roles do not violate labor laws or offer payment in the form of goods or services. Volunteering at nonprofit organizations, community centers, or events is a popular option for gaining experience without breaching visa rules.
6. Tax Obligations
Even as a student, you are required to report your income to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). International students working in the USA must:
- File a tax return annually.
- Pay taxes on earnings, which may include federal, state, and local taxes, depending on the location.
7. Prohibited Activities
It’s important to note that working without proper authorization can result in severe consequences, including visa revocation or deportation. Students should always consult their DSO before accepting any form of employment to ensure compliance with visa regulations.
Conclusion
While studying in the USA, international students can work under certain conditions, providing valuable opportunities to gain experience, support their education, and enhance their career prospects. By adhering to the visa regulations and obtaining the necessary authorizations, students can balance work and academics effectively. Always seek guidance from your school’s international office to ensure you remain in compliance with U.S. immigration laws.
